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As we start creating objects, one major concept is how objects are handled differently than “primitive” data types when used as arguments; i.e. when passed to functions. Typically, there are two scenarios: call by value and call by reference. Let’s discuss them both in detail to understand how they differ and the impact that may have on our code.

Call by Value

When method parameters are handled in a call by value way, that means that each time we call the method, that method gets a unique copy of the parameter. So, any changes made to that parameter won’t be reflected in the code from which the method was called.

Let’s look at an example:

public static void main(String[] args){
  int x = 5;
  int y = addThree(x);
  System.out.println(x);
  System.out.println(y);
}

public static int addThree(int x){
  x = x + 3;
  return x;
}

In this code, we initialize the variable x to the value $ 5 $. Then, we pass that value as an argument to the method addThree, where it is stored in the parameter named x. Inside of that method, we add $ 3 $ to that variable, then return its new value.

Back in the main method, when we print the value of x, it will still be $ 5 $. Why? Since this method is using call by value, the method addThree gets a copy of the value stored in x, which it stores in its own variable. So, when the method updates the value in x it is only changing the value in it’s copy. The original value from the main method is unchanged.

However, the value y in the main method stores the value returned by addThree, which is $ 8 $. So, when we print that value, we’ll get $ 8 $ as expected.

Call by Reference

If a method handles parameters in a call by reference way, the method simply gets a reference, sometimes called a pointer, to the value passed as an argument. In that way, when it changes the value of that argument, it is also changing the value of the original variable passed in as that argument.

Here’s another example:

public static void main(String[] args){
  int[] x = {1, 2};
  changeLast(x);
  System.out.println(x[0]);
  System.out.println(x[1]);
}

public static void changeLast(int[] x){
  x[1] = 5;
}

In this example, we are creating an array named x in the main method, which stores two values, $ 1 $ and $ 2 $. Then, we use the changeLast method to change the last element in the array to $ 5 $. Notice that we are providing the array x as an argument to the changeLast method, but that method does not return a value.

When we print the first element of x, it is $ 1 $ as expected. However, when we print the second element of x, we see that it is now $ 5 $, even in the main method. Why? This is because the method changeLast is using call by reference, so instead of getting a copy of the variable x, it actually gets a reference to where that array is stored in the main method. Therefore, any changes made to x in changeLast also affect the value in main

Reassignment

However, it is very important to know that we cannot reassign the value of a variable passed using call by reference and expect it to work the way we want. Here’s an example:

public static void main(String[] args){
  int[] x = {1, 2};
  changeLast(x);
  System.out.println(x[0]);
  System.out.println(x[1]);
}

public static void changeLast(int[] x){
  x = {3, 4};
}

In this instance, we are reassigning the variable x inside of changeLast to an entirely new array. By doing so, we are changing the reference that it uses to point to the new array. The old array still exists, and the variable x in main still refers to that array. So, when we print the values of x in main, we’ll get $ 1 $ and $ 2 $, since they haven’t changed.

In the example above that worked, we are simply changing a value inside of the array, not reassigning the array itself.

Different Scenarios

Unfortunately, it can be very difficult to tell on the surface which parameter handling method is being used by a particular piece of code, especially pseudocode. Each language handles this a bit differently, so we’ll have to carefully read our language’s documentation to know for sure. Later in this chapter we’ll discuss the specifics for the language we are using.

However, there are some general rules that we can follow that work in most cases:

1. Simple data types, such as ints, floats, booleans, etc., are typically passed using call by value. Any changes to their value will not be seen outside of the method.
2. Other data types, such as arrays, lists and objects are typically passed using call by reference. If the object can be modified, those changes will appear outside of the method. However, if the parameter is reassigned, it will not affect the outside reference

When in doubt, we can always write a simple test program in any language to check and see how parameters are handled.