Attributes

Of course, our classes are not very useful at this point because they don’t include any attributes or methods. Including attributes in a class is one of the simplest uses of classes, so let’s start there.

Adding Attributes

To add an attribute to a class, we can simply declare a variable inside of our class declaration:

class Person:
    last_name = "Person"
    first_name = "Test"
    age = 25

That’s really all there is to it! These are static attributes or class attributes that are shared among all instances of the class. On the next page, we’ll see how we can create instance attributes within the class’s constructor.

Finally, we can make these attributes private by adding two underscores to the variable’s name. We denote this on our UML diagram by placing a minus - before the attribute or method’s name. Otherwise, a + indicates that it should be public. In the diagram above, each attribute is private, so we’ll do that in our code:

class Person:
    __last_name = "Person"
    __first_name = "Test"
    __age = 25

Unfortunately, Python does have a way to get around these restrictions as well. Instead of referencing __last_name, we can instead reference _Person__last_name to find that value, as in this example:

ellie = Person("Jonson", "Ellie", 29)
ellie._Person__last_name = "Jameson"
print(ellie.last_name) # Jameson

Behind the scenes, Python adds an underscore _ followed by the name of the class to the beginning of any class attribute or method that is prefixed with two underscores __. So, knowing that, we can still access those attributes and methods if we want to. Thankfully, it’d be hard to do this accidentally, so it provides some small level of security for our data.