Video Materials

Now let’s return to the concept of information hiding, and how it applies in object-oriented languages.

Unanticipated changes in state are a major source of errors in programs. Again, think back to the EPIC source code we looked at earlier. It may have seemed unusual now, but it used a common pattern from the early days of programming, where all the variables the program used were declared in one spot, and were global in scope (i.e. any part of the program could reassign any of those variables).

If we consider the program as a state machine, that means that any part of the program code could change any part of the program’s state. Provided those changes were intended, everything works fine. But if the wrong part of the state was changed, problems would ensue.

For example, if we were to make a typo in the part of the program dealing with water run-off in a field, which ends up assigning a new value to a variable that was supposed to be used for crop growth, we’ve just introduced a very subtle and difficult to find error. When the crop growth modeling functionality fails to work properly, we’ll probably spend serious time and effort looking for a problem in the crop growth portion of the code, but the problem doesn’t lie in that code at all!

Java, along with many other object-oriented languages, use access modifiers to implement data hiding. Consider a class representing a student:

public class Student{
    private String first;
    private String last;
    private int wid;
    
    public Student(String first, String last, int wid){
        this.first = first;
        this.last = last;
        this.wid = wid;
    }
}

class Student:
    
    def __init__(self, first: str, last: str, wid: int) -> None:
        self.__first = first
        self.__last = last
        self.__wid = wid

By using the access modifier private in Java, or prefixing the attributes with two underscores in Python, we have indicated that our fields first, last, and wid cannot be accessed (seen or assigned) outside of this code. For example, if we were to create a specific student:

Student willie = new Student("Willie", "Wildcat", 888888888);

willie: Student = Student("Willie", "Wildcat", 888888888)

We would not be able to change that student’s name. The statement willie.first = "Bob" would fail, because the field first is private. In fact, we cannot even see his name, so trying to print that value would also fail.

If we want to allow a field or method to be accessible outside of the object, we must declare it public in Java, or remove the underscores in Python. While we can declare fields public, this violates the core principles of encapsulation, as any outside code can modify our object’s state in uncontrolled ways. This is definitely not what we want.

Instead, in a true object-oriented approach we would write public accessor methods, a.k.a. getters and setters. These are methods that allow us to see and change field values in a controlled way. Adding accessors to our Student class might look like:

public class Student{
    private String first;
    private String last;
    private int wid;
    
    public Student(String first, String last, int wid){
        this.first = first;
        this.last = last;
        this.wid = wid;
    }
    
    public String getFirst(){
        return this.first;
    }
    
    public void setFirst(String value){
        if(value.length() > 0){
            this.first = value;
        }
    }
    
    public String getLast(){
        return this.last;
    }
    
    public void setLast(String value){
        if(value.length() > 0){
            this.last = value;
        }
    }
    
    public int getWid(){
        return this.wid;
    }
}

class Student:
    
    def __init__(self, first: str, last: str, wid: int) -> None:
        self.__first = first
        self.__last = last
        self.__wid = wid
        
    @property
    def first(self) -> str:
        return self.__first
    @first.setter
    def first(self, value: str) -> None:
        if len(value) > 0:
            self.__first = value
    
    @property
    def last(self) -> str:
        return self.__last
    @last.setter
    def last(self, value: str) -> None:
        if len(value) > 0:
            self.__last = value
            
    @property
    def wid(self) -> int:
        return self.__wid

Notice how the setFirst() and setLast() setters in Java, and the first() and last() setters in Python, check that the provided name has at least one character? We can use setters to make sure that we never allow the object state to be set to something that makes no sense.

Also, notice that the wid field only has a getter. This effectively means once a student’s wid is set by the constructor, it cannot be changed (it’s read only). This allows us to share data without allowing it to be changed outside of the class.

willie.setFirst("William");
System.out.println(willie.getFirst());

willie.first = "William"
print(willie.first)