Like most testing frameworks, the xUnit framework provides a host of specialized assertions.

Boolean Assertions

For example, xUnit provides two boolean assertions:

• Assert.True(bool actual), asserts that the value supplied to the actual parameter is true.
• Assert.False(bool actual), asserts that the value supplied to the actual parameter is false.

While it may be tempting to use Assert.True() for all tests, i.e. Assert.True(stove.BurnerOne == 0), it is better practice to use the specialized assertion that best matches the situation, in this case Assert.Equal<T>(T expected, T actual) as a failing test will supply more details.

Equality Assertions

The Assert.Equal<T>(T expected, T actual) is the workhorse of the assertion library. Notice it is a template method, so it can be used with any type that is comparable (which is pretty much everything possible in C#). It also has an override, Assert.Equal<T>(T expected, T actual, int precision) which allows you to specify the precision for floating-point numbers. Remember that floating point error can cause two calculated values to be slightly different than one another; specifying a precision allows you to say just how close to the expected an actual value needs to be to be considered ’equal’ for the purposes of the test.

Like most assertions, it is paired with an opposite, Assert.NotEqual<T>(T expected, T actual), which also has an override for supplying precision.

Numeric Assertions

With numeric values, it can be handy to determine if the value falls within a range:

• Assert.InRange<T>(T actual, T low, T high) asserts actual falls between low and high (inclusive), and
• Assert.NotInRange<T>(T actual, T low, T high) asserts actual does not fall between low and high (inclusive)

Reference Assertions

There are special assertions to deal with null references:

• Assert.Null(object object) asserts the supplied object is null, and
• Assert.NotNull(object object) asserts the supplied object is not null

In addition, two objects may be considered equal, but may or may not be the same object (i.e. not referencing the same memory). This can be asserted with:

• Assert.Same(object expected, object actual) asserts the expected and actual object references are to the same object, while
• Assert.NotSame(object expected, object actual) asserts the expected and actual object references are not the same object

Type Assertions

At times, you may want to assure it is possible to cast an object to a specific type. This can be done with:

• Assert.IsAssignableFrom<T>(object obj) Where T is the type to cast into.

At other times, you may want to assert that the object is exactly the type you expect (.e. T is not an interface or base class of obj). That can be done with:

• Assert.IsType<T>(object obj)

Collection Assertions

There are a host of assertions for working with collections:

• Assert.Empty(IEnumerable collection) asserts that the collection is empty, while
• Assert.NotEmpty(IEnumerable collection) asserts that it is not empty
• Assert.Contains<T>(T expected, IEnumerable<T> collection) asserts that the expected item is found in the collection, while
• Assert.DoesNotContain<T>(T expected, IEnumerable<T> collection) asserts the expected item is not found in the collection

In addition to the simple equality check form of Assert.Contains<T>() and Assert.DoesNotContain<T>(), there is a version that takes a filter expression (an expression that evaluates to true or false indicating that an item was found) written as a lambda expression. For example, to determine if a list of Fruit contains an Orange we could use:

List<Fruit> fruits = new List<Fruit>() {
    new Orange(),
    new Apple(),
    new Grape(),
    new Banana() {Overripe = true}
};
Assert.Contains(fruits, item => item is Orange);

The expression item is Orange is run on each item in fruits until it evaluates to true or we run out of fruit to check. We can also supply curly braces with a return statement if we need to perform more complex logic:

Assert.Contains(fruits, item => {
    if(item is Banana banana) {
        if(banana.Overripe) return true;
    }
    return false;
});

Here we only return true for overripe bananas. Using Assert.Contains() with a filter expression can be useful for checking that expected items are in a collection. To check that the collection also does not contain unexpected items, we can test the length of the collection against the expected number of values, i.e.:

Assert.True(fruits.Count == 4, $"Expected 4 items but found {fruits.Count}");

Here we use the Assert.True() overload that allows a custom message when the test fails.

Finally, Assert.Collection<T>(IEnumerable<T> collection, Action<T>[] inspectors) can apply specific inspectors against each item in a collection. Using the same fruits list as above:

Assert.Collection(fruits, 
    item => Assert.IsType<Orange>(item),
    item => Assert.IsType<Apple>(item),
    item => Assert.IsType<Grape>(item),
    item => {
        Assert.IsType<Banana>(item);
        Assert.True(((Banana)item).Overripe);
    }
);

Here we use an Action delegate to map each item in the collection to an assertion. These actions are written using [lambda expressions], which are conceptually functions.

The number of actions should correspond to the expected size of the collection, and the items supplied to the actions must be in the same order as they appear in the collection. Thus, the Assert.Collection() is a good choice when the collection is expected to always be in the same order, while the Assert.Contains() approach allows for variation in the ordering.

Exception Assertions

Error assertions also use Action delegate, in this case to execute code that is expected to throw an exception, i.e. we could test for System.DivideByZeroException with:

[Fact]
public void DivisionByZeroShouldThrowException() {
    Assert.Throws(System.DivideByZeroException, () => {
        var tmp = 10.0/0.0;
    });
}

Note how we place the code that is expected to throw the exception inside the body of the Action? This allows the assertion to wrap it in a try/catch internally. The exception-related assertions are:

• Assert.Throws(System.Exception expectedException, Action testCode) asserts the supplied expectedException is thrown when testCode is executed
• Assert.Throws<T>(Action testCode) where T : System.Exception the templated version of the above
• Assert.ThrowsAny<T>(Action testCode) where T: System.Exception asserts that any exception will be thrown by the testCode when executed

There are also similar assertions for exceptions being thrown in asynchronous code. These operate nearly identically, except instead of supplying an Action, we supply a Task:

• Assert.ThrowsAsync<T>(Task testCode) where T : System.Exception asserts the supplied exception type T is thrown when testCode is executed
• Assert.ThrowsAnyAsync<T>(Task testCode) where T: System.Exception is the asynchronous version of the previous assertion, asserts the supplied exception type T will be thrown some point after testCode is executed.

Events Assertions

Asserting that events will be thrown also involves Action delegate, and is a bit more involved as it requires three. The first delegate is for attaching the assertion-supplied event handler to the listener, the second for detaching it, and the third is for triggering the event with the actual code involved.

For example, assume we have a class, Emailer, with a method SendEmail(string address, string body) that should have an event handler EmailSent whose event args are EmailSentEventArgs. We could test that this class was actually raising this event with:

[Fact]
public void EmailerShouldRaiseEmailSentWhenSendingEmails()
{
    string address = "test@test.com";
    string body = "this is a test";
    Emailer emailer = new Emailer();
    Assert.Raises<EmailSentEventArgs>(
        listener => emailer += listener, // This action attaches the listener
        listener => emailer -= listener, // This action detaches the listener 
        () => {
            emailer.SendEmail(address, body);
        }
    )
}

The various event assertions are:

• Assert.Raises<T>(Action attach, Action detach, Action testCode)
• Assert.RaisesAny<T>(Action attach, Action detach, Action testCode)

There are also similar assertions for events being raised by asynchronous code. These operate nearly identically, except instead of supplying an Action, we supply a Task:

• Assert.RaisesAsync<T>(Action attach, Action detach, Task testCode)
• Assert.RaisesAnyAsync<T>(Action attach, Action detach, Task testCode)

For examples of these assertions, see section 2.3.10

Property Change Assertions

Because C# has deeply integrated the idea of ‘Property Change’ notifications as part of its GUI frameworks (which we’ll cover in a later chapter), it makes sense to have a special assertion to deal with this notification. Hence, the Assert.PropertyChanged(INotifyPropertyChanged @object, string propertyName, Action testCode). Using it is simple - supply the object that implements the INotifyPropertyChanged interface as the first argument, the name of the property that will be changing as the second, and the Action delegate that will trigger the change as the third.

For example, if we had a Profile object with a StatusMessage property that we knew should trigger a notification when it changes, we could write our test as:

[Fact]
public void ProfileShouldNotifyOfStatusMessageChanges() {
    Profile testProfile = new Profile();
    Assert.PropertyChanged(testProfile, "StatusMessage", () => testProfile.StatusMessage = "Hard at work");
}

There is also a similar assertion for testing if a property is changed in asynchronous code. This operates nearly identically, except instead of supplying an Action, we supply a Task:

• Assert.PropertyChangedAsync(INotifyPropertyChanged @object, string propertyName, Task testCode)