Checked vs. Unchecked Exceptions

Beyond the difference between exceptions and errors we’ve already discussed, Java also makes a distinction between two types of exceptions, checked exceptions and unchecked exceptions. Let’s look more closely at each of these groups below.

Checked Exceptions

A checked exception is detected by the Java compiler. When it detects a checked exception, the compiler then looks to see if the exception will be detected and handled within the code. If not, it will then check to see if the method containing that code includes a throws clause¹ at the end of the method declaration that includes this particular exception. If neither of those is the case, then the compiler will output an error and refuse to compile the code. So, the developer must add one of these two things to the code in order for the compiler to be satisfied.

error: unreported exception someException; must be caught or declared to be thrown

Unchecked Exceptions

An unchecked exception is one that is not detected by the Java compiler. These are exceptions that can occur at runtime, but would be difficult or impossible to detect when compiling the code. However, in many cases they can easily be detected or prevented from within the program itself. So, the compiler does not require us to add code to either handle those exceptions or declare them to be thrown in to our method declaration.

An ArithmeticException is a good example of an unchecked exception. Any division operation could result in an ArithmeticException, but the compiler does not require us to add additional code to handle that exception or declare it to be thrown. However, it is still good practice to either detect and handle this error, or use code or assertions to prevent it from occurring in the first place.

Errors

As discussed before, errors are a special type of exception that cannot be easily handled by the program. These are usually due to issues in the underlying operating system, and typically cause the program to crash.

References

• Checked vs Unchecked Exceptions in Java from GeeksforGeeks
• Unchecked Exceptions - The Controversy from Oracle
• Errors vs Exceptions in Java from GeeksforGeeks