Frameworks

There are many different graphics frameworks available today. Some are limited to a specific language, such as Java Swing , whereas others are cross platform, such as the tkinter library in Python which is based on the Tk GUI framework . Finally, others are limited to particular operating systems, such as the Windows Presentation Framework . Let’s review the two frameworks we’ll be using: Java Swing and Python tkinter.

Java Swing

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Swing is a graphical user interface toolkit for Java that was originally created in 1996 by Netscape, but it was later integrated into the core of Java in 1997. It was meant to be an upgrade to the existing Abstract Window Toolkit that was used to create graphical programs in Java at the time, though even today we still use some classes from the awt package along with the newer swing components.

One major benefit of Java Swing is the ability to quickly change the “look and feel” of the application using various different components. In addition, it is cross platform, and applications displayed on Windows will look nearly identical to those displayed on Linux or Mac as well.

In addition, developers can easily customize many components of the Java Swing toolkit using inheritance. We simply must extend an existing component in Swing, such as the JFrame container, and we can provide additional functionality directly in that class.

Python tkinter

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Python includes a library called tkinter (short for “Tk Interface”), which is a wrapper around the Tk GUI framework . Tk is a cross platform toolkit for building GUIs that was developed in the early 1990s, but is still used today in many different programs. Tk includes a large range of elements, called “widgets,” including buttons, text boxes, and more, that can be used to build interactive GUIs.

In more recent versions of Python, a new “themed Tk” style was introduced, allowing Tk widgets to match the look and feel of programs natively built for the operating system. This helps programs written in Tk “fit in” with other applications running on the same operating system.

Like Java Swing, tkinter allows us to build GUIs by inheriting from the default components such as the Frame widget that can act as a container for other widgets. We can even nest Frame widgets inside other Frame widgets to build more complex layouts.

On the next few pages, we’ll discuss the basic features each of these frameworks has in common, before diving a bit deeper into each one and what makes it unique.