Python Hamcrest

We can also choose to use the Hamcrest assertion library in our code, either instead of the pyunit assertions or in addition to them. Hamcrest includes some very helpful assertions that are not part of pyunit, and also includes version for many languages, including both Python and Java. Most of the autograders in previous Computational Core courses are written with the Hamcrest assertion library!

Basic Assertions

Hamcrest uses a single basic assertion method called assert_that() to perform all assertions. It comes in two basic forms:

• assert_that(actual, matcher) - asserts that actual passes the matcher.
• assert_that(actual, matcher, message) - asserts that actual passes the matcher. If not, it will print message as part of the failure.

The real power of Hamcrest lies in the use of Matchers , which are used to determine if the actual value passes a test. If not, then the assert_that method will fail, just like a pyunit assertion.

For example, to test if an actual value returned by a fictional calculator object is equal to an expected value, we could use this statement:

assert_that(calculator.add(1, 3), is_(4))

As we can see, reading this statement out loud tells us everything we need to know: “Assert that calculator.add(1, 3) is 4!”

Here are a few of the most commonly used Hamcrest matchers, as listed in the Hamcrest Tutorial . The full list of matchers can be found in the Matcher Library in the Hamcrest documentation:

• is_(expected) - a shortcut for equality - an example of syntactic sugar as discussed below. Notice the underscore to differentiate it from the Python keyword is
• equal_to(expected) - will call the actual.equals(expected) method to test equality
• instance_of(type) - can be used to check if an object is the correct type, helpful for testing inheritance
• none() - check if the value is None
• not_none() - check if the value is not None
• same_instance(expected) - checks if two objects are the same instance
• has_entry(key, value), has_key(key), has_value(value) - matchers for working with mapping types like dictionaries
• has_item(item) - matcher for sequence types like lists
• close_to(expected, delta) - matcher for testing floating-point values within a range
• greater_than(expected), greater_than_or_equal_to(expected), less_than(expected), less_than_or_equal_to(expected) - numerical matchers
• equal_to_ignoring_case(expected), equal_to_ignoring_whitespace(expected), cotnains_string(string), ends_with(string), starts_with(string) - string matchers
• all_of(matcher1, matcher2, ...), any_of(matcher1, matcher2, ...), is_not(matcher) - boolean logic operators used to combine multiple matchers

Syntactic Sugar

Hamcrest includes a helpful matcher called is_() that makes some assertions more easily readable. For example, each of these assertion statements from the Hamcrest Tutorial all test the same thing:

assert_that(theBiscuit, equal_to(myBiscuit))
assert_that(theBiscuit, is_(equal_to(myBiscuit)))
assert_that(theBiscuit, is_(myBiscuit))

By including the is_() matcher, we can make our assertions more readable. We call this syntactic sugar since it doesn’t add anything new to our language structure, but it can help make it more readable.